我把八神庵回覆的內容詳細打下來好了。
(我都打完字了,不PO上來也浪費。= =)
計算第 3 題:
設方程式 \(x^5-2x^4 + x^3 + 1=0\) 之五根為 \(x_1 , x_2 , x_3 , x_4 , x_5\),設 \(a_{ij} = 1+ x_i x_j\) (若 \(i = j\)),\(a_{ij} = x_i x_j\) (若 \(i\neq j\) ),
試求 \(\displaystyle\left|\begin{array}{ccccc} a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13} & a_{14} & a_{15} \\
a_{21} & a_{22} & a_{23} & a_{24} & a_{25} \\
a_{31} & a_{32} & a_{33} & a_{34} & a_{35} \\
a_{41} & a_{42} & a_{43} & a_{44} & a_{45} \\
a_{51} & a_{52} & a_{53} & a_{54} & a_{55}
\end{array}\right|\) 之值?
解答:
令 \(x_1=a , x_2=b , x_3=c , x_4=d , x_5=e\),則所求如下,
\(\displaystyle \left|\begin{array}{ccccc}
1+a^2 & ab & ac & ad & ae \\
ab & 1+b^2 & bc & bd & be \\
ac & bc & 1+c^2 & cd & ce \\
ad & bd & cd & 1+d^2 & de \\
ae & be & ce & de & 1+e^2
\end{array}\right|\)
\(\displaystyle =\left|\begin{array}{ccccc}
1+a^2 & b^2 & c^2 & d^2 & e^2 \\
a^2 & 1+b^2 & b^2 & d^2 & e^2 \\
a^2 & b^2 & 1+c^2 & d^2 & e^2 \\
a^2 & b^2 & c^2 & 1+d^2 & e^2 \\
a^2 & b^2 & c^2 & d^2 & 1+e^2
\end{array}\right|\)
\(\displaystyle =\left|\begin{array}{ccccc}
1+a^2+b^2+c^2+d^2+e^2 & b^2 & c^2 & d^2 & e^2 \\
1+a^2+b^2+c^2+d^2+e^2 & 1+b^2 & b^2 & d^2 & e^2 \\
1+a^2+b^2+c^2+d^2+e^2 & b^2 & 1+c^2 & d^2 & e^2 \\
1+a^2+b^2+c^2+d^2+e^2 & b^2 & c^2 & 1+d^2 & e^2 \\
1+a^2+b^2+c^2+d^2+e^2 & b^2 & c^2 & d^2 & 1+e^2
\end{array}\right|\)
\(\displaystyle =\left(1+a^2+b^2+c^2+d^2+e^2\right)\left|\begin{array}{ccccc}
1 & b^2 & c^2 & d^2 & e^2 \\
1 & 1+b^2 & b^2 & d^2 & e^2 \\
1 & b^2 & 1+c^2 & d^2 & e^2 \\
1 & b^2 & c^2 & 1+d^2 & e^2 \\
1 & b^2 & c^2 & d^2 & 1+e^2
\end{array}\right|\)
\(\displaystyle =\left(1+a^2+b^2+c^2+d^2+e^2\right)\left|\begin{array}{ccccc}
1 & b^2 & c^2 & d^2 & e^2 \\
0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1
\end{array}\right|\)
\(\displaystyle =1+a^2+b^2+c^2+d^2+e^2\)
\(\displaystyle =1+\left(a+b+c+d+e\right)^2-2\left(ab+ac+ad+ae+bc+bd+be+cd+ce+de\right)\)
\(\displaystyle =1+2^2-2\times1\)
\(\displaystyle =3\)
證明對任意正整數 \(n\),恆有
\[1+\frac{1}{8}+\frac{1}{27}+\frac{1}{64}+\cdots+\frac{1}{n^3}<1.25\].
證明:
先觀常一般項,
\[\frac{1}{n^3} < \frac{1}{n^3-n}=\frac{1}{\left(n-1\right)n\left(n+1\right)} = \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{1}{\left(n-1\right)n}-\frac{1}{n\left(n+1\right)}\right),\;\forall n>1.\]
所以,
\[1+\frac{1}{8}+\frac{1}{27}+\frac{1}{64}+\cdots+\frac{1}{n^3} < 1+\frac{1}{1\cdot2\cdot3} + \frac{1}{2\cdot3\cdot4}+\cdots+\frac{1}{\left(n-1\right)n\left(n+1\right)}\]
\[=1+\frac{1}{2}\left\{\left(\frac{1}{1\cdot2}-\frac{1}{2\cdot3}\right)+\left(\frac{1}{2\cdot3}-\frac{1}{3\cdot4}\right)+\cdots+\left(\frac{1}{\left(n-1\right)n}-\frac{1}{n\left(n+1\right)}\right)\right\} = 1+\frac{1}{4} -\frac{1}{2n\left(n+1\right)}<\frac{5}{4}.\]
故,對任意正整數 \(n\),\(\displaystyle 1+\frac{1}{8}+\frac{1}{27}+\frac{1}{64}+\cdots+\frac{1}{n^3}<1.25\) 恆成立.